Does Shabbat (שבת, “Sabbath”) in the verse mean “Saturday” (i.e., Friday night to Saturday evening), or might this word have another meaning, e.g.The dating after Matzot, celebrated for seven days from the fifteenth of Nissan until the twenty-second, is a bit more helpful-but exactly when after Matzot? Finally, “after Sabbath is also helpful, but to which Sabbath does this refer? Four Possible DatesĪssuming the omer offering is to take place on a set date, which is what all Jewish sects have assumed for more than two millennia, the verse can be interpreted four different ways, depending on two factors: The first cut of grain would be in early spring, too general an indication to determine a precise date. But how is such a date to be determined? Leviticus gives three indications: Consequently, determining when it fell out was of great importance to all Jewish groups. In Second Temple times, Bikkurim/Shavuot developed into a very important holiday. Nevertheless, neither contains a precise date for the Bikkurim/Shavuot festival. Leviticus differs from Deuteronomy in that the counting is from the offering of the omer, which takes place “after the shabbat,” whereas Deuteronomy’s counting begins after the first cut, whose timing is left entirely open. Here, too, the festival that is celebrated seven weeks after the first cut is not given a date. 16:10 Then you shall observe the Feast of Shavuot (Weeks) for YHWH your God… טז:י וְעָשִׂיתָ חַג שָׁבֻעוֹת לַי-הוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ… Deut 16:9 You shall count off seven weeks start to count the seven weeks when the sickle is first put to the standing grain.
It is likely that Leviticus did not imagine set dates for the omer or bikkurim offerings and was content to let the farmers make the offering after first cuts each year, and to start counting from then this would differ year by year, depending on when the grain would ripen. 23:17 … as first produce ( bikkurim) to YHWH… They must be complete: 23:16 you must count until the day after the seventh week - fifty days then you shall bring an offering of new grain to YHWH.
כג:יז …בִּכּוּרִים לַי-הוָה… Lev 23:15 And from the day on which you bring the sheaf of elevation offering– the day after the sabbath - you shall count off seven weeks. Unlike the Pesach offering and Matzot Festival, no exact date is given for this omer offering, only that it happens after the shabbat when the harvest is first reaped. 23:11 He shall elevate the sheaf before YHWH for acceptance in your behalf the priest shall elevate it on the day after the shabbat. Lev 23:10 …When you enter the land that I am giving to you and you reap its harvest, you shall bring the first sheaf of your harvest to the priest.
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